Botanical name - Curcuma longa Linn
Family - Zingiberaceae
Common names- Eng- Turmeric, Hindi-Haldi, Mal- Manjal, Tamil- Manjal
Description- Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 perennial herb amongst cylindrical or oblong origin tubers , tiresome yellowish flowers
Distribution- Distributed inwards Thailand, Malay Archipelago as well as North Australia. In Republic of Republic of India it is cultivated inwards Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Kerala , Maharashtra, Orissa, as well as Tamil nadu
Part used- Rhizomes
Pharmacology:
Constituents: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol chemical compound responsible for the brilliant yellowish color of turmeric, is believed to live the main pharmacological agent. It is prepared from the roots of Curcuma longa. In improver to curcumin, turmeric contains the curcuminoids atlantone, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, diaryl heptanoids, as well as tumerone. Turmeric likewise contains sesquiterpenoids7 and the element ar-tumerone. Other constituents include sugars, resins, proteins, vitamins, as well as minerals (including Fe as well as potassium).
Alzheimer's effects: Beta-Amyloid (betaA)-induced oxidative stress is a well-established pathway of neuronal prison theatre cellular telephone decease inwards Alzheimer's disease.2 Three curcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), including curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, as well as bisdemethoxycurcumin, were found to protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma as well as normal human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells from betaA(1-42) insult. These compounds may protect the cells from betaA(1-42) insult through antioxidant pathways. Other creature studies of Alzheimer's illness likewise advise that curcumin may trim back levels of amyloid as well as oxidized proteins as well as preclude cognitive deficits.1 One option machinery of activeness for these effects suggested past times Baum et al. is metallic chelation, which may trim back amyloid aggregation or oxidative neurotoxicity. Since curcumin to a greater extent than readily binds the redox-active metals as well as than the redox-inactive , curcumin mightiness exert a internet protective final result against beta toxicity or mightiness suppress inflammatory harm past times preventing metallic induction of NF-kappaB. Mouse studies that evaluated the effects of dietary curcumin on inflammation, oxidative damage, as well as plaque pathology demonstrated that both depression as well as high doses of curcumin significantly lowered oxidized proteins as well as interleukin-1beta, which is a proinflammatory cytokine elevated inwards the brains of these mice. Low-dose but non high-dose curcumin handling has been shown to trim back the astrocytic marking GFAP as well as significantly decrease insoluble beta-amyloid (Abeta), soluble Abeta, as well as plaque burden past times 43-50%. However, levels of amyloid precursor (APP) inwards the membrane fraction were non reduced.
Antibacterial effects: The ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma longa L. has demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than the methanol extract or H2O extract.
Anti-inflammatory effects: Turmeric has been associated amongst the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-8, monocyte inflammatory protein-1, interleukin-1B, as well as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 Turmeric as well as its element curcumin convey been found to inhibit lipoxygenase as well as cyclooxygenase inwards rat tissues and in vitro, equally good equally thromboxane B219 and leukotriene B4 formation Based on creature study, oral direction of curcumin may trim back seem of several cytokines, chemokines, as well as proteinases known to mediate aneurismal degeneration. In rat macrophages, curcumin inhibits the incorporation of arachidonic acid into membrane lipids, equally good equally prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, as well as leukotriene C4, but does non deport upon the liberate of arachidonic acid Curcumin likewise inhibits the secretion of collagenase, elastase, as well as hyaluronidase. Inhibition of neutrophil business office has been noted, and in vitro research demonstrates that curcumin inhibits 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) inwards intact human neutrophils. Turmeric has been found to block cytokine-induced transcription of leukocyte adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, as well as E-selectin, as well as it appears to cause the production of endogenous TGF-B1 inwards creature wounds. Curcumin down-regulates transcription of genes responsible for the production of chemotactic cytokines inwards os marrow stromal cells Curcumin reduces chemically-induced rat mitt edema and liver inflammation
Antioxidant effects: Turmeric has been reported to possess antioxidant properties in vitro and inwards creature studies. Turmeric preparations convey been found to scavenge costless radicals (peroxides) as well as phenolic oxidants, inhibit lipid peroxidation induced past times chemic agents and inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation inwards rat tissues. In vitro research shows that turmeric may preclude oxidative harm to DNA and may live a strong scavenger of nitric acid. Curcumin appears to generate a hydroxyl radical. Structural features of curcuminoids that may contribute to antioxidant activity include phenolic as well as methoxy groups on phenyl rings as well as diketones. Research using aqueous extracts of turmeric suggests that curcumin is non the exclusively antioxidant inwards turmeric , as well as turmerin has been identified equally a water-soluble peptide from turmeric amongst antioxidant properties . Animal studies convey reported the reversal of hepatonecrosis as well as obese changes associated amongst turmeric, amongst reversal of aflatoxin-induced liver damage.
Anti-platelet aggregation effects: Curcumin inhibits thromboxane A2 without affecting the synthesis of prostaglandin I2 In vitro, curcumin inhibits platelet aggregation induced past times ADP, epinephrine, or collagen. Turmeric appears to inhibit arachidonic acid incorporation into platelet phospholipids, degradation of phospholipids, as well as cyclooxygenase.
Anti-proliferative effects: Multiple pre-clinical studies convey explored potential anti-cancer mechanisms of curcumin
Lipid-lowering effects: In rat models of hyperlipidemia, a diet of 0.5% curcumin for 8 weeks significantly lowered serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), really low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), full cholesterol, as well as triglyceride levels, perhaps past times enhancing the activity of hepatic cholesterol-7a-hydroxylase as well as increasing cholesterol catabolism. The turmeric constituents demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, as well as acetylcurcumin appear to inhibit -stimulated lipid peroxidation inwards rat tissues as well as liver microsomes In a rat model of hyperlipidemia, a 50% ethanolic extract of turmeric was associated amongst a pregnant reduction inwards the ratio of full cholesterol to phospholipids. In rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet, oral turmeric (1.6-3.2mg/kg) was associated amongst lower levels of plasma cholesterol as well as triglycerides than a command group, although no differences inwards atherogenesis were noted on histological evidence of aortas. Cholesterol levels were lower inwards the 1.6mg/kg group
Gastro-protective effects: Oral direction of turmeric to rats (500mg/kg) significantly reduces the incidence of chemically-induced duodenal ulcers as well as is associated amongst an increase inwards intestinal wall mucus as well as non-protein sulfhydryl content. However, early on inquiry inwards guinea pigs reported that diverse constituents of turmeric produce non protect against histamine-induced gastric ulcerations.
Gallbladder effects: Gallbladder contraction over the two-hour menses next the direction of 20mg curcumin has been demonstrated inwards humans. Animal inquiry reports that curcumin inwards the diet reduces the incidence of chemically-induced gallstones inwards mice.
Hypoglycemic effects: Based on creature study, both curcuminoids as well as sesquiterpenoids inwards turmeric may exhibit hypoglycemic effects via PPAR-gamma activation
Weight loss effects: In a rat study that investigated a Chinese herbal formulation called Number Ten for weight loss, leptin as well as trunk obese decreased significantly inwards the handling grouping compared to the command grouping (p<0.009 as well as p<0.006, respectively).
Other effects: Chelation: In vitro research on liposomal membranes has demonstrated that curcumin forms chelates amongst iron. Phototoxicity: Curcumin inwards depression concentrations has been found to potentiate phototoxicity to the bacteria S. typhimurium and E. coli
Homoeopathic use--Cardiovascular complaints, Liver complaints, Increased cholesterol levels, Rheumatism, Backache, Diarrhea, Constipation, Voracious appetite, Gingivitis, Vertigo, Eye inflammation , Lachrymation